Connectors i processos de gramaticalització

In this article, we analyse the characteristics of the grammaticalization process that originates connectors, taking as analysis corpus the book «Costums de Tortosa». We have identified the temporal forms that became interordinate connectors (causal, consecutive, concessive, conditional and adversative), and have outlined the characteristics of the semantic change and of the sintactical reanalysis which can be observed in this process. As an example of this general process, we have analysed the semantic change in the case «encara» / «encara que» and the sintactical reanalysis in the semifixed structure «jasia ço que»

Beyond food and medicine, but necessary for life, too: other folk plant uses in several territories of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands

53 p., mapa, tablas, gráfico -- La licencia Creative Commons de los datos que se han utilizado en este artículo es: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/[Background] Ethnobotanical academic research, particularly in European industrialised countries, has been, and is, mostly focused on folk uses of food and medicinal plants. Nevertheless, other uses, as may well be supposed, account for a significant portion of these folk uses. In the Catalan linguistic domain, a considerable amount of ethnobotanical work has been produced, but to date almost nothing has been published on these other plant uses.[Methods] We basically used the method of semistructured interviews to collect data on names, knowledge and use of plants in the above-mentioned fields from 759 informants in three Catalonian (Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès) and two Balearic (Formentera and Mallorca) areas. We identified the plants quoted by the informants and prepared herbarium vouchers. We analysed and compared the results obtained.[Results] Information has been collected on 401 genera, 552 species, 81 subspecies and four varieties, belonging to 122 families, totalling 4137 use reports for popular non-food and non-medicinal uses (classified in 14 modalities), and designated with 1303 folk Catalan names. The informant consensus factor is 0.87, accounting for a consistent and robust dataset.[Conclusion] Contrarily to what could be thought a priori, and irrespective of the fact that some uses are declining or changing, non-medicinal and non-food folk plant uses strongly persist in the territories considered, are highly considered by their practitioners, and may even imply some economic revenues.This research has been partially funded by the municipal council of Figueres (IX Beca de recerca “Ciutat de Figueres”), the Catalan government (projects 2009SGR439, 2009ACOM00012, 2009ACOM00013 and 2014SGR514) and the Spanish government (project CSO2014-59704-P). We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)Peer reviewe

Contribution à la connaissance ethnobotanique des ptéridophytes dans les Pyrénées

[EN] The first approach to the catalogue of the uses of pteridophytes in the Pyrenees and some close mountains, done by the ethnobotanical interview method applied ta some 400 informants is presented here. The inventory consists of 12 taxa, meaning about 20% of the pyrenean pteridoflora. The different uses are reported classified by types (medicinal, for food, ornamental, folkloric, in the home rural and for rural building). Concerning the medicinal properties, the comparison with the literature allowed us to find some non previously documented uses and so some taxa which could be object of phytochemical and pharmacological researches addressed ta obtain new drugs of plant origin.Peer reviewe

Ethnobotanical studies in the High River Ter Valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula)

3 p. PANEL 10: Theory and Methodology in the Study of EthnobotanyWe present the preliminary results of an ethnobotanical study centred in the Camprodon valley (Pyrenees, North Eastern Iberian Peninsula), with an extension of 294 km2 and a population of 4,526 inhabitants. The main goal of the present study is the knowledge of the traditional uses of plants in the studied area with a special focus on medicinal and, secondarily, food plants. We performed 42 interviews to 60 people, 37% of which are men and the remaining 63% are women. The mean age of the interviewees is 71. As a general result, 302 out of the 312 plant species reported in this ethnobotanical research have at least one use; for the remaining 10 taxa the informants only knew the folk names. Outlining that several of them have more than one application, 220 have been used as medicinal (both in human and veterinarian medicine), 100 as food or forage and 71 display other traditional uses. As it is not rare in other areas studied, some of the food plants are also used as medicinal. The present survey shows a rather high degree of conservation of the traditional knowledge on plant use and management in the mountain zone considered.Peer reviewe

Sambucus nigra L. in Catalonia (Iberian Peninsula)

32 p., fot. col. -- Cap. 16 de la obra Underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops (vol. 5)We present in this paper the data about the popular uses of elder (Sambucus nigra) obtained in ethnobotanical studies carried out in the districts ("comarques") of Pallars [ussá, Pallars Sobir á, Cerdanya, Conflent, Capcir,Ripolles and Alt Empordá (Pyrenees) and in the Montseny massif (Catalan Prelittoral Range), complemented with others from different Catalan regions (also investigated by our group), and compared with those from other Iberian and Mediterranean territories. This bush or small tree is one of the most reported and used plants (for medicinal and other purposes), not on1y in the regions studied, but in all Catalonia and in many other areas as well. It is one of the most versatile plants, since its uses embrace many different fields like medicinal, food, ornamental, craft industry and games among others. It ís, in addition, aremarkable fact that almost every part of the plant (bark, root, leaves, flowers, fruits) has some uses.Peer reviewe

Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the high river Ter valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula)

11 p.[EN] An ethnobotanical study has been carried out in the high river Ter valley (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula) a small area located in the eastern Pyrenees, with 294 km2 and 4526 inhabitants. Through 42 interviews with 60 informants of a mean age of 71.1, 220 species belonging to 71 botanical families were reported, 90.6% of which were used in human medicine and 7.8% in veterinary therapy. The present paper is focused on human medicinal plant uses. One fungal and four vascular plant species have not, or have very rarely been cited as medicinal, and for other taxa some very scarcely reported medicinal uses have been recorded (110 uses concerning 78 species).Peer reviewe

Ethnobotany of Food Plants in the High River Ter Valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula): Non-Crop Food Vascular Plants and Crop Food Plants with Medicinal Properties.

25 p.[EN] The present study reports a part of the findings of an ethnobotanical research project conducted in the Catalan region of the high river Ter valley (Iberian Peninsula), concerning the use of wild vascular plants as food and the medicinal uses of both wild and cultivated food plants. We have detected 100 species which are or have been consumed in this region, 83 of which are treated here (the remaining are the cultivated food plants without additional medicinal uses). Some of them, such as Achillea ptarmica subsp. pyrenaica, Convolvulus arvensis, Leontodon hispidus, Molopospermum peloponnesiacum and Taraxacum dissectum, have not been previously reported, or have only very rarely been cited or indicated as plant foods in very restricted geographical areas. Several of these edible wild plants have a therapeutic use attributed to them by local people, making them a kind of functional food. They are usually eaten raw, dressed in salads or cooked; the elaboration of products from these species such as liquors or marmalades is a common practice in the region. The consumption of these resources is still fairly alive in popular practice, as is the existence.Peer reviewe

Algunes qüestions entorn de la fitonímia i els aspectes lingüístics de l’etnobotànica.

21 p.Peer reviewe

The structures of 1,4-diaryl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles related to J147, a drug for treating Alzheimer's disease

J147 [N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N′-(3-methoxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide] has recently been reported as a promising new drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The X-ray structures of seven new 1,4-diaryl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles, namely 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFN, 1), 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFNO, 2), 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFNO, 3), 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFNO, 4), 1-[2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFNO, 5), 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (CHFNO, 6) and 3-[4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]phenol (CHFNO, 7), have been determined and compared to that of J147. B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations have been performed to determine the potential surface and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of J147, and to examine the correlation between hydrazone J147 and the 1,2,3-triazoles, both bearing a CF substituent. Using MEPs, it was found that the minimum-energy conformation of 4, which is nearly identical to its X-ray structure, is closely related to one of the J147 seven minima.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economı´a, Industria y Competitividad (CTQ2014-56833-R and CTQ2015-63997-C2-2-P) and Comunidad Auto´noma de Madrid (S2013/ MIT-2841, Fotocarbon). Computer, storage and other resources from the CTI (CSIC) are gratefully acknowledgedPeer Reviewe

Incidence and prognosis of colorectal cancer after heart transplantation: data from the Spanish Post-Heart Transplant Tumor Registry

In this observational and multicenter study, that included all patients who underwent a heart transplantation (HT) in Spain from 1984 to 2018, we analyzed the incidence, management, and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) after HT. Of 6,244 patients with a HT and a median follow-up of 8.8 years since the procedure, 116 CRC cases (11.5% of noncutaneous solid cancers other than lymphoma registered) were diagnosed, mainly adenocarcinomas, after a mean of 9.3 years post-HT. The incidence of CRC increased with age at HT from 56.6 per 100,000 person-years among under 45 year olds to 436.4 per 100,000 person-years among over 64 year olds. The incidence rates for age-at-diagnosis groups were significantly greater than those estimated for the general Spanish population. Curative surgery, performed for 62 of 74 operable tumors, increased the probability of patient survival since a diagnosis of CRC, from 31.6% to 75.7% at 2 years, and from 15.8% to 48.6% at 5 years, compared to patients with inoperable tumors. Our results suggest that the incidence of CRC among HT patients is greater than in the general population, increasing with age at HT